Explore our research into novel biomarker testing
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an important immune checkpoint protein. It plays a role in immune suppression, helping to prevent excessive immune activation, which otherwise could be damaging. A soluble form of PD-1 can be measured in the blood, and it has been suggested that it may play a role in immune activation by interfering with PD-1 signalling.
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Soluble PD-1 shows potential as a biomarker for measuring immune activity, disease severity, and treatment response. In cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer, PD-1 levels may reflect tumour burden. In autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis, increased sPD-1 levels have been associated with greater disease severity and may be useful for monitoring disease progression. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been shown to have higher levels of PD-1 in both plasma and synovial fluid. Elevated PD-1 levels have also been reported in several cancers, possibly reflecting activation of the immune system in response to tumour cells. These findings suggest that PD-1 could be a valuable biomarker for assessing disease status, particularly in conditions featuring increased immune activity.
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Amphiregulin
arrow_forward_iosHeparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor (HB-EGF)
arrow_forward_iosTransforming Growth Factor Alpha (TGF-α)
arrow_forward_iosDickkopf-1 (DKK-1)
arrow_forward_iosMesothelin
arrow_forward_iosSoluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE)
arrow_forward_iosGalectin-3
arrow_forward_iosMonomeric CRP (mCRP)
arrow_forward_iosInterleukin-18 (IL-18)
arrow_forward_iosFree PSA Isoforms
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